MicroRNA在糖尿病诊治中的应用前景

The application prospect of microRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus

摘要:

讨论microRNA和外泌体在糖尿病发病和治疗中的作用。MicroRNA是一类由21～25个核苷酸组成的小分子RNA，在基因表达调控中发挥着重要作用。该文介绍了miRNA的合成和功能，以及其在多种疾病中的失调，探讨了外泌体的形成和组成，并解释其如何通过携带特定的miRNA进行细胞间通信，分析了胰岛素的分泌和作用，以及糖尿病的发病机制。该文还讨论了与胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖稳态相关的miRNA。最后总结二甲双胍和GLP-1受体激动剂在糖尿病治疗中的效果，以及对miRNA、胰岛功能、胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖稳态的影响。该文旨在全面了解miRNA、外泌体与糖尿病之间的关系，为寻找新的治疗靶点和策略提供思路。

Abstract:

This review discusses the role of microRNAs and exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. MicroRNAs are a class of small RNA molecules consisting of 21 to 25 nucleotides, which play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. This review first introduces the synthesis and function of microRNAs, as well as their dysregulation in a variety of diseases. Next, the formation and composition of exosomes are explored and how they mediate intercellular communication by carrying specific microRNAs is explained. Besides, the secretion and roles of insulin as well as the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus are analyzed. The microRNAs related to insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis are also discussed. Finally, the efficacy of two commonly used drugs, metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists, in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and their effects on microRNAs, pancreatic islet function, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis are summarized. This review aims to comprehensively elucidate the relationship between microRNAs, exosomes and diabetes mellitus, and to provide insights for novel therapeutic targets and strategies.