Objective To investigate the effect of by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection on cyclooxygenase cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression. Methods Hybrid capture 2 testing method was applied for HPV detection. Real-time PCR and ELISA was performed for detection of COX-2 in cervical tissue and serum PGE2. Results Load of HPV DNA and expression of COX-2 were positively correlated with the degree of cervical lesions (P?0.05). Compared with HPV negative patients, the serum levels of PGE2 was increased significantly along with increase of HPV DNA load (P?0.05). The expression of COX-2 was positively correlated with the content of PGE2 in patients with cervical cancer (r?=?0.684, P?=?0.000). Conclusions High expression of COX-2 and PGE2 may be involved in development and progression of cervical cancer, which could provide a novel point for drug developement.