外泌体用于卵巢癌诊断的研究进展

Research progress on exosomes in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer

摘要:

卵巢癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤，恶性程度高，发病隐匿，大多数患者发现时已经处于晚期。现代医学缺乏有效的早期诊断工具，病情容易加重及转移。尽管糖类抗原125、人附睾蛋白4和ROMA指数是目前卵巢癌中表征较好的生物标志物，但其敏感性、特异性和生存获益不足以用于常规筛查目的。因此，寻找诊断卵巢癌的特异性和敏感性更高的生物标志物更迫在眉睫。外泌体作为细胞间通信的媒介，参与调控细胞的多种生理活动，包括物质运输、信息传递等。外泌体可能作为卵巢癌肿瘤细胞与其他细胞交流的重要工具，促进肿瘤的发展和转移。该文通过检索相关文献，归纳整理了外泌体长链非编码RNA、miRNA及相关蛋白应用于卵巢癌诊断的体外研究，并总结目前外泌体在卵巢癌中的应用现状，旨在探索外泌体在卵巢癌中的诊断价值，为卵巢癌的临床诊断提供新思路。

Abstract:

Ovarian cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy, characterized by high malignancy, insidious onset, and late-stage detection in most patients. Modern medicine lacks effective tools for early diagnosis, often leading to disease progression and metastasis. Although biomarkers such as carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and the ROMA index are currently used in ovarian cancer detection, their sensitivity, specificity, and survival benefits are insufficient for routine screening. Thus, there is an urgent need for biomarkers with higher specificity and sensitivity for ovarian cancer diagnosis. Exosomes, as mediators of intercellular communication, regulate various physiological activities, including material transport and information transfer. They may serve as key tools for communication between ovarian cancer cells and other cells, promoting tumor development and metastasis. This review synthesizes literature on exosomal long non-coding RNAs, miRNAs, and related proteins for ovarian cancer diagnosis in vitro. Additionally, it summarizes the current applications of exosomes in ovarian cancer, aiming to explore their diagnostic potential and provide new insights for clinical diagnosis.