蜂毒磷脂酶A2的药理作用及其临床应用的研究进展

Research progress on pharmacological action and clinical applications of bee venom phospholipase A2

摘要:

蜂毒是重要的生物医药资源，其核心组分之一分泌型第三组磷脂酶A₂（以下简称蜂毒ⅢsPLA₂）展现出复杂的生物学功能。蜂毒ⅢsPLA₂既是引发Ⅰ型超敏反应的主要过敏原，又是一种具备广谱药理活性的多效分子。近年来研究揭示，蜂毒ⅢsPLA₂通过酶活性依赖和非酶活性依赖（配体）两种模式，在机体内发挥关键作用，其核心机制在于通过诱导调节性T细胞分化，发挥强大的免疫调节与抗炎效应，在自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病和器官损伤模型中显示出治疗潜力；此外，其还具备抗神经元损伤、抗肿瘤及抗感染等药理活性。该文系统综述了蜂毒ⅢsPLA₂的分子特性、以免疫调节为核心的药理作用及其临床应用研究的最新进展，旨在为该分子的后续转化研究提供理论参考。

Abstract:

Bee venom is a significant bio-medical resource, and its core component, secretory Group Ⅲphospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂-Ⅲ), exhibits complex biological functions. It acts as both a primary allergen triggering Type I hypersensitivity reactions and a pleiotropic molecule with broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. Recent studies have revealed that bee venom sPLA₂ exerts its effects in vivo through two distinct modes: enzyme activity-dependent and -independent (ligand) pathways. Its core mechanism lies in its potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, achieved by inducing the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This has shown therapeutic potential in models of autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and organ damage. Furthermore, it possesses various other pharmacological activities, including anti-neuronal injury, anti-tumor, and anti-infective properties. This review systematically summarizes the molecular characteristics of bee venom sPLA₂, its immunomodulation-centered pharmacological actions, and the latest progress in its clinical application research, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the future translational studies of this molecule.