摘要
同时性多原发结直肠癌是一类特殊类型的大肠癌疾病,指同一患者同时或6个月以内于结直肠诊断2个或2个以上相互独立的肠癌病灶。近年来随着临床诊治水平的提高及人类平均寿命的延长,同时性多原发结直肠癌的发病率明显升高。该疾病与孤立性结直肠癌相比,具有其独特的临床病理特征,且临床漏诊率较高,因此提高对这一特殊类型大肠癌的认识具有重要的临床意义。目前关于同时性多原发结直肠癌的病因及发病机制尚不明确,该文针对同时性多原发结直肠癌的临床、病理特点及分子特征、诊治等进行文献综述,以提高临床医生对该疾病的认识,指导临床诊治。
结直肠癌是目前最常见的消化道肿瘤之一,严重影响人们的身体健康,并且带来沉重的经济负担。随着我国国民生活水平的提高及生活方式的改变,结直肠癌的发病率及病死率日趋升高。2018年我国男、女结直肠癌的发病率均位居癌症榜第3
关于同时性多原发结直肠癌的定义及诊断标准尚不统一,目前多采用WARREN等的定义及诊断标
虽然同时性多原发结直肠癌的整体发病率较低,但随着医学诊疗技术水平的提高及人类平均寿命的延长,其发病率也逐渐上升。据文献报道同时性多原发结直肠癌发病率在结直肠癌为1.1%~8.1
发病部位:同时性多原发结直肠癌可发生于结直肠任一部位,可为同一肠段、邻近肠段或不同肠段,大多发生在直肠、乙状结肠、升结
遗传、环境等因素均可能促进同时性多原发结直肠癌的发生、发展。环境暴露(如吸烟、饮酒、食用腌制食品、加工肉类等)可能导致结直肠黏膜损伤,从而可能使其并发。文献指出饮酒是异时性多原发结直肠癌和同时性多原发结直肠癌的危险因素,甚至在适量摄入(约20~40 g/d)的情况下,结直肠癌和酒精摄入之间的关系已有描述。此外,以每周平均酒精摄入量乘以饮酒年数计算的累计酒精摄入量超过9 800 g已被描述为同时性多原发结直肠癌的危险因
同时性多原发结直肠癌是一种与微卫星不稳定性高患病率(约35%)相关的独特疾病,研究显示同时性多原发结直肠癌患者的微卫星不稳定性阳性率高于孤立性结直肠癌患
文献综述报道近年来在同时性多原发结直肠癌中更常见的前体是多发性无柄锯齿状腺瘤、增生性息
同时性多原发结直肠癌的诊断并不困难,目前结肠镜检查被用作整个结直肠癌术前监测的标准,不但可以明确肿瘤的位置、评估肿瘤大小,而且可以通过活组织检查明确肿瘤的性质。准确的术前诊断对正确制订的手术方案、切除范围至关重要。对结直肠癌患者来说,术前完全的结肠镜检查应尽可能常规进行。但是因肿瘤阻塞或无法通过的狭窄患者,术前完全的结肠镜检查是不可能进行的,但如果漏诊了同时性癌,同时性癌可能会发展至更晚期甚至发生远处转移,严重影响患者的预后。临床上借助X射线气钡双重造影、CT、MRI等检查及术中探查、术中肠镜等检查可提高同时性多原发结直肠癌的诊断率,降低漏诊
综上所述,同时性多原发结直肠癌有其独特的临床特点,遗传和环境因素共同促进其发生、发展,这些因素也可能是同时性多原发结直肠癌的风险因素,对存在该风险因素的人群进行风险分层,并制订相应的筛查、检测策略,或许可提高该疾病的早期诊疗率,获得较好的预后。同时性多原发结直肠癌虽然有着共同的遗传和环境背景,但癌灶间的发生、发展存在异质性,其分子机制、生物学途径及潜在可操作靶点有待进一步研究,以期为肿瘤的发生、发展、预后提供预测、监测参数,以及指导药物靶向治疗,改善患者预后。
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