摘要
同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是蛋氨酸代谢的重要中间产物,其表达升高不仅是高血压的独立危险因素,而且在导致心脑血管事件上具有显著的协同作用,使发病概率大幅增加。影响Hcy浓度的因素包括年龄、性别、遗传、饮食和体力活动。尽管体育锻炼被证明能降低心血管风险,但其对Hcy浓度的影响尚不明确,研究结果存在矛盾。前期研究表明,多数情况下剧烈运动会导致健康人群Hcy浓度升高,但轻度或中等强度运动通常会降低心血管疾病或神经系统疾病患者的Hcy水平。该研究旨在探讨不同运动对心脑血管人群等H型高血压患者Hcy浓度的影响,以期为制订个体化运动防治H型高血压提供新思路。
同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine, Hcy)是一种含硫氨基酸,是蛋氨酸去甲基化过程中重要的中间产物。Hcy主要在蛋氨酸合成酶的催化下代谢为蛋氨酸。这一再甲基化过程需要维生素B12和叶酸作为辅助因子。缺乏叶酸和维生素B12可能影响蛋氨酸合成酶的活性,从而导致高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy
影响Hcy浓度的因素有很多,如年龄、性别、遗传、药物治疗、饮酒、吸烟习惯、营养和体力活
本研究旨在为H型高血压患者制订个体化的运动处方,探讨不同运动对血浆Hcy浓度的影响,以及哪种运动方式有利于降低tHcy浓度以促进身体健康。通过深入分析不同运动对tHcy浓度的影响,希望能够为H型高血压的防治提供新的思路和依据。
规律运动能影响身体的所有生理系统,有文献详细描述了其对健康的益处,以及预防心血管和其他慢性疾病的作
高强度急性运动普遍导致正常人群tHcy浓度增加。KÖNIG
也有其他研究表明不同强度的运动并未显著影响正常人群的tHcy水平。SOTGIA
在心血管疾病患者或超重人群中,运动普遍能降低tHcy的浓度。针对超重或肥胖的多囊卵巢综合征年轻女性,进行至少3次/周、20~60 min/次的快速步行有氧运动,持续6个月后,发现运动组的tHcy水平降低了27%,这一显著变化在tHcy较高的患者中尤为明
Hcy的外周表达升高与冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病和癌症的风险增加相关,还与认知障碍有关。在导致神经退行性疾病(包括阿尔茨海默氏病)发病机制的多种病因中,Hcy似乎直接促进神经毒性因子的产生,有研究推测,运动可以降低HHcy引起的神经系统并发症风
上述研究中,许多实验研究通过改变运动的强度、持续时间和类型来检验运动对tHcy浓度的影响。结果表明,运动对Hcy水平的影响似乎取决于训练的强度和频率、年龄、性别以及当前的危险因
正确的运动干预可以改善肥胖患者血压、血脂状况、胰岛素敏感性、炎症标志物和生活质量,并显著降低死亡风
通气阈值(ventilatory threshold, VT)是指在递增负荷运动中,肺通气量增加脱离线性变化的拐点。在递增负荷运动期间,逐渐增加的强度会导致呼吸增加,从而允许更大体积的空气进出肺部,以促进氧气的输送和二氧化碳的排出。每分钟内进出肺部的通气量称为每分通气量(minute ventilation, VE)。除了在第一通气阈值(VT1)和第二通气阈值(VT2)处的2个偏转点外,VE以线性方式增加。在VT1以下,脂肪是主要的燃料来源,产生少量乳酸。此时,心肺负担主要来自需要增加的吸气,而不是呼气,身体通过增加每次呼吸的潮气量做出反应。在VT1时,身体的能量来源逐渐从脂肪和碳水化合物的有氧供能转换为糖酵解供能,乳酸开始在血液中积聚,碳酸氢盐缓冲系统仍可以中和增加的乳酸。乳酸处理后导致细胞产生的二氧化碳增加,从而通过增加呼吸频率来提高通气量,出现VE的第1个偏转点,VT1也被称为第一乳酸阈和有氧阈。当身体的缓冲乳酸速率跟不上乳酸产生速率时,血液pH值开始下降,外周化学感受器受到刺激,进一步启动大脑呼吸中枢的代偿机制,导致呼吸频率再次增加,造成VE的第2次非线性增加,这个显著的拐点即为VT2,即心肺运动试验中的呼吸代偿点。此时血乳酸为4.0~6.0 mmol/L,如果在VT2或以上强度继续运动,血乳酸水平会迅速升高。在VT2附近的运动强度代表一个人可以维持20~30 min的最高强度。增加VT2附近的运动量可以提高运动表现,这种训练能提升跑步运动员的抗疲劳性,增加乳酸消除能力,使其在同样的能量消耗下跑得更远更快。
运动强度的划分可以通过生理最大值的相对百分比概念,分为低、较低、中等、较大、次大到最大强度区域,每个强度区域都有一个标准化的运动强度百分比范围。以生理阈值概念划分,静息到VT1的强度属于中等偏低,VT1被定义为中等强度,VT1~VT2的运动属于中等偏高强度,VT2附近的强度为高强度,VT2到最大摄氧量及以上的运动属于高强度到极高强度领
笔者设计了以下运动模式:持续中等强度有氧运动、低强度有氧运动、高强度间歇训练、抗阻运动及联合运动。通过保证两组在相同阶段每周消耗相同能量来计算个体化运动时间,持续3次/周,共12周,监测训练中心率、血压,参与者完成85%的课程后纳入评估。运动方式选择功率自行车,根据心率储备区间调整强度,个体化调整自行车的功率和速度,分别在入组前、运动1个月后、运动3个月后测定血浆Hcy变化。对于以上设计的运动模式会对Hhcy产生何种影响,仍需进一步验证。
综上所述,叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12和甜菜碱是治疗HHcy的常见措施;利用内源性Hcy拮抗剂、阿托伐他汀、异黄酮防治HHcy也已取得初步成效;中药和基因治疗方法逐渐被应用。虽然运动对正常人群Hcy的影响尚存争议,但多数研究表明运动可改善心血管疾病和神经系统疾病患者Hcy水平。
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